Home

I am an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Stanford GSB and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. My research applies an Industrial Organization lens to topics such as risk and profit sharing, information disclosure and price controls across policy settings including transportation, online media markets and pharmaceuticals.

Research Papers

Robust Bounds for Welfare Analysis

Robust Bounds for Welfare Analysis

with Zi Yang Kang

BibTeX

BibTeX

@techreport{kv2022robustness,
title={Robust bounds for welfare analysis},
author={Kang, Zi Yang and Vasserman, Shoshana},
year={2022},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

Economists routinely make functional form assumptions about consumer demand to obtain welfare estimates. How sensitive are welfare estimates to these assumptions? We answer this question by providing bounds on welfare that hold for families of demand curves commonly considered in different literatures. We show that commonly chosen functional forms, such as linear, exponential, and CES demand, are extremal in different families: they yield either the highest or lowest welfare estimate among all demand curves in those families. To illustrate our approach, we apply our results to the welfare analysis of energy subsidies, trade tariffs, pensions, and income taxation.

Buying Data from Consumers: The Impact of Monitoring in US Auto Insurance

with Yizhou Jin

BibTeX

BibTeX

@techreport{jv2022autoinsurance,
title={Buying data from consumers: The impact of monitoring programs in US auto insurance},
author={Jin, Yizhou and Vasserman, Shoshana},
year={2021},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

New technologies have enabled firms to elicit granular behavioral data from consumers in exchange for lower prices and better experiences. This data can mitigate asymmetric information and moral hazard, but it may also increase firms’ market power if kept proprietary.

We study a voluntary monitoring program by a major U.S. auto insurer, in which drivers accept short-term tracking in exchange for potential discounts on future premiums. Using a proprietary dataset matched with competitor price menus, we document that safer drivers self-select into monitoring, and those who opt-in become yet 30% safer while monitored. Using an equilibrium model of consumer choice and firm pricing for insurance and monitoring, we find that the monitoring program generates large profit and welfare gains.

However, large demand frictions hurt monitoring adoption, forcing the firm to offer large discounts to induce opt-in while preventing the unmonitored pool from unraveling given the competitive environment. A counterfactual policy requiring the firm to make monitoring data public would thus further reduce the firm’s incentive to elicit monitoring data, leading to less monitoring and lower consumer welfare in equilibrium.

Bargaining and International Reference Pricing in the Pharmaceutical Industry

with Ashvin Gandhi and Pierre Dubois

BibTeX

BibTeX

@techreport{dgv2022refpricing,
title={Bargaining and international reference pricing in the pharmaceutical industry},
author={Dubois, Pierre and Gandhi, Ashvin and Vasserman, Shoshana},
year={2022},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

The United States spends twice as much per person on pharmaceuticals as European countries, in large part because prices are higher in the US. This has led policymakers in the US to consider legislation for price controls. This paper assesses the effects of a hypothetical US reference pricing policy that would cap prices in US markets by those offered in Canada.

We estimate a structural model of demand and supply for pharmaceuticals in the US and Canada, in which Canadian prices are set through a negotiation process between pharmaceutical companies and the Canadian government. We then simulate the impacts of the counterfactual international reference pricing rule, allowing firms to internalize the cross-country impacts of their prices both when setting prices in the US and when negotiating prices in Canada.

We find that such a policy results in a slight decrease in US prices and a substantial increase in Canadian prices. The magnitude of these effects depends on the particular structure of the policy. Overall, we find modest consumer welfare gains in the US, but substantial consumer welfare losses in Canada. Moreover, we find that pharmaceutical profits increase in net, suggesting that reference pricing of this form would constitute a net transfer from consumers to firms.

Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response

with Mohammad Akbarpour, Cody Cook, Aude Marzuoli, Simon Mongey, Abhishek Nagaraj, Matteo Saccarola, Pietro Tebaldi, and Hanbin Yang
BibTeX

BibTeX

@techreport{acmmnstvy2020covidnetworks,
title={Socioeconomic network heterogeneity and pandemic policy response},
author={Akbarpour, Mohammad and Cook, Cody and Marzuoli, Aude and Mongey, Simon and Nagaraj, Abhishek and Saccarola, Matteo and Tebaldi, Pietro and Vasserman, Shoshana and Yang, Hanbin},
year={2020},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}
We develop and implement a heterogeneous-agents network-based empirical model to analyze alternative policies during a pandemic outbreak.
We combine several data sources, including information on individuals’ mobility and encounters across metropolitan areas, information on health records for  millions of individuals, and information on the possibility to be productive while working from home.
This rich combination of data sources allows us to build a framework in which the severity of a disease outbreak varies across locations and industries, and across individuals who differ by age, occupation, and preexisting health conditions.

We use this framework to analyze the impact of different social distancing policies in the context of the COVID-19 outbreaks across US metropolitan areas.
Our  results highlight how outcomes vary across areas in relation to the underlying heterogeneity in population density, social network structures, population health, and employment characteristics.

We find that policies by which individuals who can work from home continue to do so, or in which schools and firms alternate schedules across different groups of students and employees, can be  effective in limiting the health and healthcare costs of the pandemic outbreak while also reducing employment losses.

Publications

Scaling Auctions as Insurance: A Case Study in Infrastructure Procurement

with Valentin Bolotnyy
Econometrica, Volume 91, Issue 4, July, 2023, Pages 1205–1259, https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA17673 

BibTeX

BibTeX

@techreport{bv2023scalingaucs,
title={Scaling auctions as insurance: A case study in infrastructure procurement},
author={Bolotnyy, Valentin and Vasserman, Shoshana},
year={2023}
}

Most U.S. government spending on highways and bridges is done through “scaling” procurement auctions, in which private construction firms submit unit price bids for each piece of material required to complete a project.

Using data on bridge maintenance projects undertaken by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), we present evidence that firm bidding behavior in this context is consistent with optimal skewing under risk aversion: firms limit their risk exposure by placing lower unit bids on items with greater uncertainty.

We estimate bidders’ risk aversion, the risk in each auction, and the distribution of bidders’ private costs. Simulating equilibrium item-level bids under counterfactual settings, we estimate the fraction of project spending that is due to risk and evaluate auction mechanisms under consideration by policymakers. We find that scaling auctions provide substantial savings relative to lump sum auctions and show how our framework can be used to evaluate alternative auction designs.

Voluntary Disclosure and Personalized Pricing

with Nageeb Ali and Greg Lewis.
The Review of Economic Studies,  Volume 90, Issue 2, March 2023, Pages 538–571, https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac033

BibTeX

BibTeX

@article{alv2022voluntarydisclosure,
title={Voluntary Disclosure and Personalized Pricing},
author={Ali, S Nageeb and Lewis, Greg and Vasserman, Shoshana},
year={2022},
journal={The Review of Economic Studies},
    volume = {90},
    number = {2},
    pages = {538-571},
    year = {2022},
    month = {07},
    issn = {0034-6527},
    doi = {10.1093/restud/rdac033},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac033},
    eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-pdf/90/2/538/49435141/rdac033.pdf}
}

Firms have ever increasing access to consumer data, which they use to personalize their advertising and to price discriminate. This raises privacy concerns. Policymakers have argued in response that consumers should be given control over their data, able to choose what to share and when. Since firms learn about a consumer’s preferences both from what they do and do not disclose, the equilibrium implications of consumer control are unclear.

We study whether such measures improve consumer welfare in monopolistic and in competitive markets. We find that consumer control can improve consumer welfare relative to both perfect price discrimination and uniform pricing. First, consumers can use disclosure to amplify competitive forces. Second, consumers can disclose information to induce even a monopolist to lower prices. Whether consumer control improves welfare depends on the disclosure technology and market competitiveness. Simple disclosure technologies suffice in competitive markets. When facing a monopolist, a consumer needs partial disclosure possibilities to obtain any welfare gains.

A Method for Measuring Investigative Journalism in Local Newspapers

with Eray Turkel, Anish Saha, Rhett Owen and  Greg Martin.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jul 2021, 118 (30) e2105155118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105155118
BibTeX

BibTeX

@article{tsomv2021measuringinvestigative,
title={A method for measuring investigative journalism in local newspapers},
author={Turkel, Eray and Saha, Anish and Owen, Rhett Carson and Martin, Gregory J and Vasserman, Shoshana},
journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume={118},
number={30},
pages={e2105155118},
year={2021},
publisher={National Acad Sciences}
}

Major changes to the operation of local newsrooms — ownership restructuring, layoffs, and a reorientation away from print advertising — have become commonplace in the last decades. However, there have been few systematic attempts to characterize the impact of these changes on the types of reporting that local newsrooms produce. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the investigative content of news articles based on article text and influence on subsequent articles. We use our method to examine over-time and cross-sectional patterns in news production by local newspapers in the United States over the past decade. We find surprising stability in the quantity of investigative articles produced over most of the time period examined, but a notable decline in the last two years of the decade, corresponding to a recent wave of newsroom layoffs.

Pretrial Negotiations Under Optimism

with Muhamet Yildiz.
The RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Summer 2019)
BibTeX

BibTeX

@article{vy2019pretrialnegs,
title={Pretrial negotiations under optimism},
author={Vasserman, Shoshana and Yildiz, Muhamet},
journal={The RAND Journal of Economics},
volume={50},
number={2},
pages={359--390},
year={2019},
publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

Empirical evidence shows that equally informed, experienced negotiators may refuse to settle because they fundamentally disagree on each one’s probability of success.

We study the dynamics of agreement to settle in pretrial negotiations when the negotiating parties are both optimistic and new information may arrive at any point.

We characterize the conditions under which the negotiators do or do not reach an agreement at every period of negotiation and discuss the implications for policy design such as timing periods of discovery and jury selection, and whether or not to allow the winning party to recover the legal costs incurred from the losing party.

Implementing the Wisdom of Waze

with Avinatan Hassidim and Michal Feldman.

Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI’15)

BibTeX

BibTeX

@inproceedings{vfh2015wisdomwaze,
title={Implementing the wisdom of waze},
author={Vasserman, Shoshana and Feldman, Michal and Hassidim, Avinatan},
booktitle={Twenty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
year={2015}
}

How well can an informed central planner like Waze do at routing drivers on paths with uncertain wait times using an incentive compatible protocol?

We find that the mediation ratio is at most 8/7 in the case of two links with affine cost functions, and remains strictly smaller than the price of anarchy of 4/3 for any fixed m. However, it approaches the price of anarchy as m grows. For general (monotone) cost functions, the mediation ratio is at most m, a significant improvement over the unbounded price of anarchy.

Surveys, Tutorials, Code and Other Writings

Consumer Control and Privacy Policies

with Nageeb Ali and Greg Lewis. American Economic Association Papers & Proceedings, May 2023

BibTeX

BibTeX

@article{alv2023pnp,
title={Consumer control and privacy policies},
author={Ali, S Nageeb and Lewis, Greg and Vasserman, Shoshana},
journal={American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings},
year={2023}
}

Data collection and personalization are ubiquitous today, raising concerns of privacy and price discrimination. In response to these concerns, both regulatory authorities and the market emphasize the value of consumer control. In the public sphere, the European Union’s GDPR and California’s Consumer Privacy Act require websites to obtain consent before collecting browsing information and restrict the duration that consumer data can be retained. In the private sphere, Apple, Google, and other firms have rolled out product features that allow consumers to opt out of personalized tracking.

Although consumer control features prominently in discussions of privacy policies, relatively little is known about how to model consumer control and its effects on market outcomes. If consumers control the information possessed by sellers, is price discrimination beneficial? Or should it nevertheless be prohibited? Does it suffice for the consumer to be able to opt out from sharing information or is control at a more granular level needed? How does this relate to market competitiveness? Clearly, a strategic framework is necessary to assess the implications of privacy policies.

Our work (Ali, Lewis and Vasserman, 2022) offers such a framework. We view consumer control through the lens of voluntary disclosure. The consumer has certain verifiable characteristics—her age, income, or her data—that are correlated with her preferences. Rather than sellers having this information at the outset, the consumer chooses what to disclose to the market. From this perspective, opting in to a firm’s tracking policy is tantamount to disclosing data predictive of her preferences; opting out, by contrast, corresponds to choosing not to disclose information. These are but two choices; one may envision contexts that endow the consumer with control at a more granular level—e.g., the ability to disclose a student ID or a senior citizen card—without having to opt in entirely. In equilibrium, firms do not take disclosed information at face value; instead, they draw inferences both from what is said and what is left unsaid.

We use this framework to answer the questions above. In monopolistic markets, consumers do not benefit from personalized pricing if the only choice they have is to opt in or out from sharing information; more fine-tuned control is necessary for them to benefit from personalized pricing. By contrast, if the market is competitive, control even in the form of simple opt-in / opt-out policies are enough to assure consumer gains. Disclosure amplifies competition. Contrary to the view that firms should not price discriminate, our findings suggest that consumers may benefit from price discrimination if they control the flow of information.

We describe these findings in greater below and also pose new questions for which our approach may be useful.

Risk Aversion and Auction Design: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence

with Mitchell Watt. International Journal of Industrial Organization (2021): 102758.

BibTeX

BibTeX

@article{vw2021survey,
title={Risk aversion and auction design: Theoretical and empirical evidence},
author={Vasserman, Shoshana and Watt, Mitchell},
journal={International Journal of Industrial Organization},
volume={79},
pages={102758},
year={2021},
publisher={Elsevier}
}

Auctions are inherently risky: bidders face uncertainty about their prospects of winning and payments, while sellers are unsure about revenue and chances of a successful sale. Auction rules influence the allocation of risk among agents and the behavior of risk-averse bidders, leading to a breakdown of payoff and revenue equivalence and a heightened significance of auction design decisions by sellers. In this paper, we review the literature on risk aversion in auctions, with an emphasis on what can be learned about auction design from theoretical modeling and empirical studies. We survey theoretical results relating to the behavior of risk-averse agents in auctions, the comparison of standard auction formats in the presence of risk aversion and implications for auction design. We discuss standard and more recent approaches to identifying risk preferences in empirical studies and evidence for the significance of risk aversion in auction applications. Finally, we identify areas where existing evidence is relatively scant and ask what questions empirical research might ask given the theory and where further theoretical research may be beneficial given existing empirical results.